Javascript required
Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Home / Margaret L Smart 1986 Expanded Work Settings for Art Therapy Art Therapy 31 2126

Margaret L Smart 1986 Expanded Work Settings for Art Therapy Art Therapy 31 2126

Creation of art to improve mental health

Art therapy
Correctional Activities at Central Jail Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2010 - Convict artists busy in drawing designs of carpets on graph papers.JPG

Two captive artists describe designs of carpets on graph paper at Industrial Workshops of Cardinal Jail Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Islamic republic of pakistan, in 2010
MeSH D001155

[edit on Wikidata]

Art therapy (not to be confused with arts therapy, which includes other creative therapies such as drama therapy and music therapy) is a distinct discipline that incorporates artistic methods of expression through visual fine art media. Art therapy, as a creative arts therapy profession, originated in the fields of art and psychotherapy and may vary in definition.

There are three master means that art therapy is employed. The first i is called analytic art therapy. Analytic art therapy is based on the theories that come up from analytical psychology, and in more cases, psychoanalysis.[1] Analytic art therapy focuses on the client, the therapist, and the ideas that are transferred between the both of them through art.[i] Another way that fine art therapy is utilized is art psychotherapy. This arroyo focuses more on the psychotherapist and their assay of their clients' artwork verbally.[ane] The last way art therapy is looked at is through the lens of art as therapy. Some art therapists practicing art as therapy believe that analyzing the client's artwork verbally is not essential, therefore they stress the cosmos process of the art instead.[1] In all of these dissimilar approaches to art therapy, the art therapist's client goes on the journey to delve into their inner thoughts and emotions by the utilise of paint, paper and pen, clay, sand, fabric, or other media.[i]

Art therapy can be used to assist people ameliorate cognitive and sensory motor function, cocky-esteem, cocky sensation, and emotional resilience.[2] It may too aide in resolving conflicts and reduce distress.

Current art therapy includes a vast number of other approaches such every bit person-centered, cognitive, behavior, Gestalt, narrative, Adlerian, and family. The tenets of fine art therapy involve humanism, creativity, reconciling emotional conflicts, fostering self-awareness, and personal growth.[iii]

History [edit]

In the history of mental wellness handling, art therapy (combining studies of psychology and art) emerged much later as a new field. This blazon of unconventional therapy is used to cultivate cocky-esteem and awareness, improve cerebral and motor abilities, resolve conflicts or stress, and inspire resilience in patients.[2] It invites sensory, kinesthetic, perceptual, and sensory symbolization to accost issues that verbal psychotherapy cannot reach.[2] Although art therapy is a relatively young therapeutic subject, its roots lie in the apply of the arts in the 'moral treatment' of psychiatric patients in the late 18th century.[4]

Art therapy every bit a profession began in the mid-20th century, arising independently in English language-speaking and European countries. Fine art had been used at the time for various reasons: advice, inducing creativity in children, and in religious contexts.[1] The early fine art therapists who published accounts of their work acknowledged the influence of aesthetics, psychiatry, psychoanalysis, rehabilitation, early on childhood pedagogy, and art education, to varying degrees, on their practices.[4]

The British creative person Adrian Hill coined the term art therapy in 1942.[5] Colina, recovering from tuberculosis in a sanatorium, discovered the therapeutic benefits of drawing and painting while convalescing. He wrote that the value of fine art therapy lay in "completely engrossing the mind (also every bit the fingers)…releasing the creative free energy of the often inhibited patient", which enabled the patient to "build up a strong defence against his misfortunes". He suggested artistic piece of work to his fellow patients. That began his fine art therapy work, which was documented in 1945 in his volume, Art Versus Affliction.[6]

Edward Adamson, "the father of art therapy in United kingdom"[7]

The artist Edward Adamson, demobilised later on WW2, joined Adrian Hill to extend Hill's work to the British long stay mental hospitals. Other early proponents of fine art therapy in Great britain include E. M. Lyddiatt, Michael Edwards, Diana Raphael-Halliday and Rita Simons. The British Association of Art Therapists was founded in 1964.[8]

U.Southward. art therapy pioneers Margaret Naumburg and Edith Kramer began practicing at effectually the same time equally Loma. Naumburg, an educator, asserted that "art therapy is psychoanalytically oriented" and that free art expression "becomes a form of symbolic speech which ... leads to an increase in verbalization in the class of therapy."[9] Edith Kramer, an creative person, pointed out the importance of the creative process, psychological defenses, and artistic quality, writing that "sublimation is attained when forms are created that successfully incorporate ... acrimony, anxiety, or pain."[10] Other early on proponents of fine art therapy in the United States include Elinor Ulman, Robert "Bob" Ault, and Judith Rubin. The American Art Therapy Association was founded in 1969.[11]

National professional associations of fine art therapy exist in many countries, including Brazil, Canada, Republic of finland, Lebanese republic, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Romania, S Korea, and Sweden. International networking contributes to the establishment of standards for education and practice.[12]

Art Therapist process work

Diverse perspectives exist on history of art therapy, which complement those that focus on the institutionalization of fine art therapy as a profession in Britain and the Us.[13] [14] [fifteen]

Definitions [edit]

An art therapist watches over a person with mental wellness issues during an art therapy workshop in Senegal.

There are various definitions of the term art therapy.[xvi] : 1

The British Association of Fine art Therapists defines art therapy as: "a form of psychotherapy that uses fine art media as its primary mode of expression and advice." They besides add that "clients who are referred to an fine art therapist demand not accept previous feel in fine art, the art therapist is not primarily concerned with making an aesthetic or diagnostic assessment of the client's image."[17] [eighteen]

The American Art Therapy Clan defines art therapy equally: "an integrative mental wellness and human services profession that enriches the lives of individuals, families, and communities through active fine art-making, creative p[19] rocess, applied psychological theory, and human feel within a psychotherapeutic relationship."[20]

Uses [edit]

As a regulated mental wellness profession, art therapy is employed in many clinical and other settings with diverse populations. It is increasingly recognized as a valid form of therapy. Fine art therapy can likewise exist found in non-clinical settings, as well as in art studios and in inventiveness development workshops. Licensing for art therapists can vary from state to state with some recognizing art therapy as a split up license and some licensing under a related field such a professional counseling or mental health counseling.[21] Art therapists must take a principal's degree that includes training in the creative process, psychological development, and grouping therapy, and they must consummate a clinical internship.[22] Art therapists may also pursue additional credentialing through the Art Therapy Credentials Lath.[23] Art therapists work with populations of all ages and with a wide diverseness of disorders and diseases. Art therapists provide services to children, adolescents, and adults, whether equally individuals, couples, families, or groups.

Using their evaluative and psychotherapy skills, art therapists choose materials and interventions appropriate to their clients' needs and design sessions to achieve therapeutic goals and objectives. Other ways that therapists may choose to use fine art therapy with their clients include types of fine art like cartoon self-portraits, endmost their eyes while drawing, screw drawing, and lastly drawing their emotions.[24] They use the artistic process to help their clients increase insight, cope with stress, work through traumatic experiences, increase cognitive, retention and neurosensory abilities, better interpersonal relationships and achieve greater self-fulfillment. The activities an art therapist chooses to do with clients depend on a multifariousness of factors such as their mental country or age. Art therapists may draw upon images from resources such as the Archive for Research in Archetypal Symbolism to incorporate historical art and symbols into their work with patients. Depending on the land, province, or land, the term "art therapist" may exist reserved for those who are professionals trained in both art and therapy and hold a master or doctoral degree in fine art therapy or certification in art therapy obtained later on a graduate caste in a related field.[25] Other professionals, such as mental wellness counselors, social workers, psychologists, and play therapists, optionally combine art-making with basic psychotherapeutic modalities in their treatment. Therapists may better understand a client's absorption of information after assessing elements of their artwork.[26]

A systemic literature review compiled and evaluated different research studies, some of which are listed beneath. Overall, this survey publication revealed that both the high level of variability (such as incorporating talk therapy) and express number of studies washed with certified art therapists made it hard to generalize over findings. Despite these limitations, fine art therapy has, to an extent, proved its efficacy in relieving symptoms and improving quality of life.[27]

General disease [edit]

Art-making is a common activity used by many people to cope with affliction. Art and the artistic procedure tin can alleviate many illnesses (cancer, centre disease, influenza, etc.). This class of therapy helps benefit those with mental illnesses likewise (chronic depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, etc.). It is difficult to measure the efficacy of art therapy as it treats various mental illnesses to different degrees; although, people tin can escape the emotional furnishings of various illness through art making and many artistic methods.[28] Sometimes people cannot limited the manner they feel, as it tin be difficult to put into words, and art can help people express their experiences. "During fine art therapy, people can explore past, present and future experiences using art every bit a form of coping".[28] Fine art can be a refuge for the intense emotions associated with affliction; at that place are no limits to the imagination in finding artistic ways to express emotions.

Hospitals have started studying the influence of arts on patient intendance and found that participants in art programs have better vitals and less difficulty sleeping. Artistic influence does non demand to exist participation in a plan, only studies have found that a landscape flick in a hospital room had reduced need for narcotic pain killers and less time in recovery at the hospital.[28] In addition, either looking at or creating art in hospitals helped stabilize vital signs, speed upwardly the healing process, and in general, bring a sense of hope and soul to the patient. Family, care workers, doctors and nurses are also positively affected.

Using fine art therapy, information technology can also be a skillful way for those with general illnesses to express their feelings and emotions through art, when it may or may not be difficult to explicate their feelings through words. Art helps requite security to emotions to those if they are non comfortable sharing their emotions to others, but can trust a sheet or sheet of paper to hold onto those emotions.

Subjective cancer symptoms [edit]

Many studies have been conducted on the benefits of art therapy on cancer patients. Fine art therapy has been establish useful for supporting patients during the stress of such things equally chemotherapy handling.[29]

Art therapists accept conducted studies to sympathise why some cancer patients plough to art making equally a coping mechanism and a tool to creating a positive identity outside of beingness a cancer patient. Women in the written report participated in different fine art programs ranging from pottery and bill of fare making to cartoon and painting. The programs helped them regain an identity exterior of having cancer, lessened emotional pain from their ongoing fight with cancer, and too gave them hope for the future.

In a study involving women facing cancer-related difficulties such equally fear, pain, altered social relationships, information technology was institute that:

Engaging in dissimilar types of visual art (textiles, card making, collage, pottery, watercolor, acrylics) helped these women in 4 major ways. Kickoff, it helped them focus on positive life experiences, relieving their ongoing preoccupation with cancer. Second, it enhanced their self-worth and identity past providing them with opportunities to demonstrate continuity, challenge, and achievement. Third, information technology enabled them to maintain a social identity that resisted being divers by cancer. Finally, it allowed them to express their feelings in a symbolic manner, especially during chemotherapy.[28]

Another study showed those who participated in these types of activities were discharged earlier than those who did non participate.[28]

Furthermore, another report revealed the healing furnishings of art therapy on female person chest cancer patients. Studies revealed that relatively short-term art therapy interventions significantly improved patients' emotional states and perceived symptoms.[27]

Studies take also shown how the emotional distress of cancer patients has been reduced when utilizing the creative process. The women made drawings of themselves throughout the treatment process while also doing yoga and meditating; these actions combined helped to alleviate some symptoms.[28]

Another study, with 111 participants, looked at the efficacy of mindfulness-based art therapy, combining meditation with fine art.[30] The written report used measurements such as quality of life, physical symptoms, depression, and anxiety to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention. This yielded positive results that there was a significant subtract in distress and meaning improvement in quality of life.

A review of 12 studies investigating the use of art therapy in cancer patients by Wood, Molassiotis, and Payne (2010) investigated the symptoms of emotional, social, concrete, and global performance, and spiritual concerns of cancer patients. They establish that art therapy can improve the process of psychological readjustment to the change, loss, and uncertainty associated with surviving cancer. It was also suggested that art therapy can provide a sense of "meaning-making" through the concrete act of creating the fine art. When given 5 private sessions of art therapy once per calendar week, art therapy was shown to be useful for personal empowerment by helping the cancer patients understand their own boundaries in relation to the needs of other people. In plow, those who had art therapy treatment felt more connected to others and found social interaction more enjoyable than individuals who did not receive fine art therapy treatment. Furthermore, art therapy improved motivation levels, ability to discuss emotional and physical wellness, general well-existence, and increased global quality of life in cancer patients.[31]

In sum, relatively brusk-term intervention of art therapy that is individualized to patients has the potential to significantly improve emotional state and quality of life, while reducing perceived symptoms relating to the cancer diagnosis.[27]

Disaster relief [edit]

Art therapy has been used in a variety of traumatic experiences, including disaster relief and crisis intervention. Art therapists have worked with children, adolescents and adults afterwards natural and manmade disasters, encouraging them to make art in response to their experiences. Some suggested strategies for working with victims of disaster include: assessing for distress or postal service-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),[32] normalizing feelings, modeling coping skills, promoting relaxation skills, establishing a social support network, and increasing a sense of security and stability.[33] : 137ff [34] : 120ff

Dementia [edit]

Art therapy has been proven to help patients with dementia of all backgrounds. It is of import that the fine art tools are easy to utilise and relatively simple to understand, since mobility can too be a problem. [1] While art therapy helps with behavioral issues, it does not announced to impact worsening mental abilities.[35] Tentative evidence supports benefits with respect to quality of life.[36] Art therapy had no clear results on affecting retentiveness or emotional well-beingness scales.[37] However, Alzheimer's Association states that art and music tin can enrich people's lives and let for self expression.[38]

Autism [edit]

Art therapy is increasingly recognized to help address challenges of people with autism.[three] Art therapy may accost cadre symptoms of autism spectrum disorders by promoting sensory regulation, supporting psychomotor development and facilitating communication.[39] Art therapy is besides thought to promote emotional and mental growth by assuasive self expression, visual communication, and creativity.[40]

Schizophrenia [edit]

A 2005 systematic review of art therapy equally an add on treatment for schizophrenia constitute unclear effects.[41] Group art therapy has been shown to improve some symptoms of schizophrenia. While studies concluded that art therapy did non improve Clinical Global Impression or Global Cess of Functioning, they showed that the apply of haptic art materials to express one's emotions, cognitions, and perceptions in a group setting lowered depressing themes and may improve cocky-esteem, enforce creativity, and facilitate the integrative therapeutic procedure for people with schizophrenia.[42] Studies reveal that cognitive behavioral therapy has proven to be most effective for this disorder.[27]

Geriatric patients [edit]

Studies conducted by Regev reveal that geriatric art therapy has been significantly useful in helping depression for the elderly, although not particularly successful amid dementia patients.[27] Group therapy versus private sessions proved to be more effective.

Trauma and children [edit]

Fine art therapy may alleviate trauma-induced emotions, such as shame and acrimony.[43] Information technology is also likely to increase trauma survivors' sense of empowerment [44] and control by encouraging children to brand choices in their artwork.[43] Fine art therapy in addition to psychotherapy offered more reduction in trauma symptoms than merely psychotherapy alone.[45]

Because traumatic memories are encoded visually,[46] [47] creating art may be the most effective way to access them. Through art therapy, children may exist able to make more sense of their traumatic experiences and form accurate trauma narratives. Gradual exposure to these narratives may reduce trauma-induced symptoms, such every bit flashbacks and nightmares.[43] Repetition of directives reduces anxiety, and visually creating narratives helps clients build coping skills and balanced nervous system responses.[48] This simply works in long-term fine art therapy interventions.[27]

Children who have experienced trauma may benefit from grouping art therapy. The grouping format is effective in helping survivors develop relationships with others who have experienced similar situations.[44] Group art therapy may too be beneficial in helping children with trauma regain trust and social self-esteem.[43] Unremarkably, participants who undergo art therapy through group interventions have positive experiences and give their internal feelings validation.[49]

Veterans and postal service-traumatic stress disorder

Art therapy has an established history of being used to treat veterans, with the American Fine art Therapy Association documenting its utilize as early as 1945.[50] As with other sources of trauma, combat veterans may benefit from art therapy to access memories and to appoint with treatment. A 2016 randomized control trial found that fine art therapy in conjunction with cognitive processing therapy (CPT) was more benign than CPT alone.[51] Walter Reed Army Medical Middle, the National Intrepid Heart of Excellence and other Veteran Clan institutions utilise fine art therapy to assistance veterans with PTSD.[52]

Bereavement [edit]

A number of therapists employ art therapy to aid those who take recently experienced the death of a loved 1. This is proposed to be especially beneficial where clients detect it hard to enunciate their feelings of loss and shock, and and so may use creative ways to express their feelings.[53] For example, it has been used to enable children to limited their feelings of loss where they may lack the maturity to enunciate their bereavement.

Eating disorders [edit]

Art therapy may assist people with anorexia with weight improvements and may assist with depression level.[54] Traumatic or negative childhood experiences can result in unintentionally harmful coping mechanisms, such as eating disorders. Equally a result, clients may be cut off from their emotions, self-rejecting, and detached from their strengths.[55] Art therapy may provide an outlet for exploring these inaccessible strengths and emotions; this is important considering persons with eating disorders may not know how to vocalize their emotions.[55]

Art therapy may be beneficial for clients with eating disorders because clients can create visual representations with art material of progress made, represent alterations to the torso, and provide a nonthreatening method of acting out impulses.[55] Individuals with eating disorders tend to rely heavily on defense force mechanisms to experience a sense of control; it is of import that clients feel a sense of authority over their art products through liberty of expression and controllable art materials.[55] Through controllable media, such as pencils, markers, and colored pencils, along with freedom of choice with the media, clients with eating disorders tin create boundaries effectually unsettling themes.[56]

Another systematic literature review plant conclusive evidence that art therapy resulted in pregnant weight loss in patients with obesity, as well as helping with a range of psychological symptoms.[27]

Ongoing daily challenges [edit]

Those who exercise not accept a mental disease or physical illness were also tested; these patients have ongoing daily challenges such equally loftier-intensity jobs, financial constraints, and other personal issues. Findings revealed that art therapy reduces levels of stress and burnout related to patients' professions.[27]

Containment [edit]

The term containment, within art therapy and other therapeutic settings, has been used to draw what the client tin can experience within the rubber and privacy of a trusting human relationship between client and counselor.[57] [58] This term has as well been equated, within art therapy inquiry, with the property or circumscribed of an effect within the boundaries of visual expression, similar a edge or the circumference of a mandala.[59] The creation of mandalas for symptom regulation is not a new approach within the field of art therapy, and numerous studies accept been conducted in guild to assess their efficacy.[threescore] [61]

Purpose [edit]

Art media commonly used in art therapy

The purpose of art therapy is essentially 1 of healing. This type of healing is used to cope with the symptoms that can happen afterward being diagnosed with cancer, or mental or physical disorder to reduce the suffering of the person.[24] Art therapy does not only assist with coping with trauma just helps to notice other important information about people.[24] Fine art therapy can be successfully applied to clients with physical, mental or emotional issues, diseases and disorders. Any type of visual art and art medium tin can be employed within the therapeutic process, including painting, drawing, sculpting, photography, and digital art.[62] Art therapy may include creative exercises such as drawing or painting a certain emotion, creative journaling, or freestyle creation.[63]

I proposed learning mechanism is through the increased excitation, and as a upshot, strengthening of neuronal connections.[64]

A typical session [edit]

A man draws in response to an art therapy directive.

Art therapy tin can take place in a diversity of different settings. Art therapists may vary the goals of art therapy and the way they provide art therapy, depending upon the institution'due south or client'south needs. After an cess of the client's strengths and needs, art therapy may be offered in either an individual or group format, according to which is ameliorate suited to the person. Art therapist Dr. Ellen G. Horovitz wrote, "My responsibilities vary from job to job. It is wholly dissimilar when i works as a consultant or in an agency every bit opposed to private practise. In private practice, it becomes more than complex and far reaching. If you are the primary therapist then your responsibilities can swing from the spectrum of social work to the main care of the patient. This includes dovetailing with physicians, judges, family members, and sometimes even community members that might be of import in the caretaking of the individual."[65] Like other psychotherapists in private practice, some art therapists find information technology important to ensure, for the therapeutic human relationship, that the sessions occur each week in the same space and at the same time.[66]

Art therapy is oftentimes offered in schools as a form of therapy for children because of their creativity and involvement in art as a means of expression. Art therapy tin can benefit children with a variety of issues, such as learning disabilities, speech and linguistic communication disorders, behavioral disorders, and other emotional disturbances that might be hindering a kid's learning.[66] Similar to other psychologists that work in schools, art therapists should exist able to diagnose the bug facing their pupil clients, and individualize handling and interventions. Art therapists piece of work closely with teachers and parents in order to implement their therapy strategies.[66]

Fine art-based assessments [edit]

Art therapists and other professionals use art-based assessments to evaluate emotional, cognitive, and developmental atmospheric condition. There are also many psychological assessments that utilize artmaking to clarify various types of mental functioning (Betts, 2005). Art therapists and other professionals are educated to administer and interpret these assessments, most of which rely on elementary directives and a standardized array of fine art materials (Malchiodi 1998, 2003; Betts, 2005).[67] The get-go drawing cess for psychological purposes was created in 1906 by German psychiatrist Fritz Mohr (Malchiodi 1998).[67] In 1926, researcher Florence Goodenough created a cartoon exam to measure the intelligence in children called the Describe-A-Homo Test (Malchiodi 1998).[67] The key to interpreting the Draw-A-Man Examination was that the more details a child incorporated into the cartoon, the more intelligent they were (Malchiodi, 1998).[67] Goodenough and other researchers realized the test had just as much to practice with personality as it did intelligence (Malchiodi, 1998).[67] Several other psychiatric art assessments were created in the 1940s, and accept been used ever since (Malchiodi 1998).[67]

Notwithstanding, many fine art therapists eschew diagnostic testing and indeed some writers (Hogan 1997) question the validity of therapists making interpretative assumptions. More contempo literature, nevertheless, highlights the utility of standardized approaches to handling planning and clinical decision-making, such equally is evidenced through this source. Beneath are some examples of art therapy assessments:

Mandala Cess Inquiry Instrument [edit]

In this assessment, a person is asked to select a carte from a deck with different mandalas (designs enclosed in a geometric shape) and then must choose a color from a fix of colored cards. The person is then asked to draw the mandala from the card they choose with an oil pastel of the color of their choice. The creative person is then asked to explicate if there were any meanings, experiences, or related information related to the mandala they drew. This test is based on the beliefs of Joan Kellogg, who sees a recurring correlation betwixt the images, pattern and shapes in the mandalas that people draw and the personalities of the artists. This test assesses and gives clues to a person'southward psychological progressions and their current psychological condition (Malchiodi 1998). The mandala originates in Buddhism; its connections with spirituality help us to encounter links with transpersonal fine art.

House–Tree–Person [edit]

Child's stick-figure drawing of a person.

Four-year-old'southward drawing of a person

In the firm-tree-person exam, the client is asked to make a drawing that includes a firm, a tree and a person, after which the therapist asks several questions about each. For example, with reference to the house, Buck (1984) wrote questions such as, "Is it a happy house?" and "What is the house made of?" Regarding the tree, questions include, "About how old is that tree?" and "Is the tree live?" Concerning the person, questions include, "Is that person happy?" and "How does that person experience?"

The business firm-tree-person exam is a projective personality test, a type of test in which the examination taker responds to or provides ambiguous, abstract, or unstructured stimuli (often in the form of pictures or drawings). It is to mensurate aspects of a person'southward personality through estimation of drawings and responses to questions, self-perceptions and attitudes.[68]

Outsider art [edit]

The relation betwixt the fields of art therapy and outsider art has been widely debated. The term art brut was beginning coined by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe "art created exterior the boundaries of official culture". Dubuffet used the term fine art brut to focus on creative practice past insane-asylum patients. The English translation "outsider art" was first used by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972.[69] [70]

Both terms have been criticized because of their social and personal impact on both patients and artists. Art therapy professionals have been accused of not putting enough accent on the artistic value and meaning of the artist's works, considering them merely from a medical perspective. This led to the misconception of the whole outsider art do, while addressing therapeutical issues within the field of aesthetical discussion. Outsider art, on the opposite, has been negatively judged because of the labeling of the artists' work, i.eastward. the equation creative person = genius = insane. Moreover, the business organization-related problems on the term outsider art carry some misunderstandings.[71] [72] While the outsider artist is role of a specific art system, which tin add a positive value to both the artist's work as well as his personal development, it can also imprison him within the boundaries of the system itself.[73] [74]

See also [edit]

  • Creative liberty
  • Bibliotherapy
  • Comic volume therapy
  • Expressive therapy
  • Listing of psychotherapies
  • Listing of therapies

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Hogan, Susan (2001). Healing Arts: The History of Fine art Therapy. United Kingdom: Jessica Kingsley Publishers London and Philadelphia. pp. 21, 22. ISBN1-85302-799-5.
  2. ^ a b c "About Fine art Therapy". American Art Therapy Clan . Retrieved 2020-04-12 .
  3. ^ a b Wadeson, H., Durkin, J., & Perach, D. (1989). Advances in art therapy. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  4. ^ a b Directory, Therapist (2017-04-xvi). "Art Therapy". Therapist Directory . Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
  5. ^ Hogan, S. (2001). Healing arts: The history of art therapy. London: Jessica Kingsley. p. 135.
  6. ^ Loma, A. (1945). Fine art versus illness: A story of art therapy. London: George Allen and Unwin.
  7. ^ Walker, J. (1992). Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945, 3rd. ed. London, Library Clan Publishing
  8. ^ Waller, D. (1991). Condign a profession: A history of art therapy 1940–82. London: Routledge.
  9. ^ Naumburg, Thou. (1953). Psychoneurotic art: Its function in psychotherapy. New York: Grune & Stratton, p. 3.
  10. ^ Kramer, E. (1971). Art every bit therapy with children. New York: Schocken Books, p. 219.
  11. ^ Junge, Yard. (2010). The modern history of art therapy in the U.s.a.. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-07940-six
  12. ^ Coulter-Smith, A. (August, 1990). International Networking Group of Fine art Therapists, Newsletter No. 1.
  13. ^ Potash, J. S.; Ramirez, W. A. (2013). "Broadening history, expanding possibilities: Contributions of Wayne Ramirez to fine art therapy". Art Therapy. xxx (four): 169–176. doi:10.1080/07421656.2014.847084. S2CID 145761884.
  14. ^ Kalmanowitz, D.; Lloyd, B. (1999). "Fragments of art at work: Art therapy in the former Yugoslavia". The Arts in Psychotherapy. 26 (ane): 15–25. doi:10.1016/s0197-4556(98)00027-half dozen.
  15. ^ Boston C. Thousand. (2005). "Life story of an art therapist of color". Art Therapy. 22 (4): 189–192. doi:ten.1080/07421656.2005.10129519. S2CID 145467423.
  16. ^ Edwards, David (2004). Art therapy. London: SAGE. ISBN978-0761947509.
  17. ^ "About Art Therapy". British Association of Fine art Therapists. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  18. ^ Edwards, David (one Jan 2014). Art Therapy. SAGE. ISBN978-1-4462-9748-3.
  19. ^ "Google Books". books.google.com . Retrieved 2022-02-04 .
  20. ^ "About Fine art Therapy". American Art Therapy Association. Retrieved thirty Apr 2020.
  21. ^ "State Advancement". American Art Therapy Association . Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
  22. ^ "Becoming an Fine art Therapist". American Art Therapy Clan . Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
  23. ^ "Credentials and Licensure". American Art Therapy Association . Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
  24. ^ a b c Hu, Jingxuan; Zhang, Jinhuan; Hu, Liyu; Yu, Haibo; Xu, Jinping (2021). "Fine art Therapy: A Complementary Treatment for Mental Disorders". Frontiers in Psychology. 12. doi:x.3389/fpsyg.2021.686005/full. ISSN 1664-1078.
  25. ^ "Becoming an Art Therapist". American Art Therapy Association . Retrieved 2021-03-31 .
  26. ^ Lusebrink, Vija B. (2010). "Assessment and Therapeutic Awarding of the Expressive Therapies Continuum: Implications for Brain Structures and Functions" (PDF). Art Therapy: Journal of the American Fine art Therapy Clan. 27 (4): 168–177. doi:10.1080/07421656.2010.10129380. S2CID 6758378.
  27. ^ a b c d eastward f g h Regev, Dafna; Cohen-Yatziv, Liat (2018-08-29). "Effectiveness of Art Therapy With Developed Clients in 2018—What Progress Has Been Made?". Frontiers in Psychology. nine: 1531. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01531. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC6124538. PMID 30210388.
  28. ^ a b c d due east f Stuckey, HL; Nobel, J (February 2010). "The connection between art, healing, and public health: a review of current literature". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (2): 254–63. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497. PMC2804629. PMID 20019311.
  29. ^ Forzoni, Silvia; Perez, Michela; Martignetti, Angelo; Crispino, Sergio (March 2010). "Art therapy with cancer patients during chemotherapy sessions: an assay of the patients' perception of helpfulness". Palliative & Supportive Care. viii (1): 41–48. doi:10.1017/S1478951509990691. ISSN 1478-9523. PMID 20163759. S2CID 32428984.
  30. ^ Monti, Daniel A.; Peterson, Caroline; Kunkel, Elisabeth J. Shakin; Hauck, Walter West.; Pequignot, Edward; Rhodes, Lora; Brainard, George C. (May 2006). "A randomized, controlled trial of mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT) for women with cancer". Psycho-Oncology. fifteen (5): 363–373. doi:x.1002/pon.988. ISSN 1057-9249. PMID 16288447. S2CID 15548338.
  31. ^ Woods M. J.; Molassiotis A.; Payne Southward. (2011). "What research evidence is at that place for the use of art therapy in the direction of symptoms in adults with cancer? A systematic review". Psycho-Oncology. 20 (2): 135–145. doi:10.1002/pon.1722. PMID 20878827. S2CID 18675899.
  32. ^ "Postal service-Traumatic Stress Disorder". medlineplus.gov . Retrieved 2020-04-xxx .
  33. ^ Malchiodi, Cathy A. (2008). The art therapy sourcebook (2d ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN978-0071468275.
  34. ^ Wadeson, Harriet (2010). Fine art psychotherapy (2d ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0470417003.
  35. ^ Cowl, Andrielle L.; Gaugler, Joseph E. (2014-10-02). "Efficacy of Creative Arts Therapy in Handling of Alzheimer'south Affliction and Dementia: A Systematic Literature Review". Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 38 (4): 281–330. doi:10.1080/01924788.2014.966547. ISSN 0192-4788. S2CID 144965747.
  36. ^ Chancellor, B; Duncan, A; Chatterjee, A (2014). "Fine art therapy for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias". Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 39 (ane): 1–11. doi:10.3233/JAD-131295. PMID 24121964.
  37. ^ Deshmukh, Sunita R.; Holmes, John; Cardno, Alastair (13 September 2018). "Art therapy for people with dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (ix): CD011073. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011073.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC6513479. PMID 30215847.
  38. ^ Alzheimer'southward Association (2020). "Art and Music". Alzheimer's Association . Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  39. ^ Durrani, Huma (2019-04-03). "A Case for Art Therapy every bit a Handling for Autism Spectrum Disorder". Art Therapy. 36 (2): 103–106. doi:10.1080/07421656.2019.1609326. ISSN 0742-1656. S2CID 181370829.
  40. ^ "The Touch of Art on Autism". Autism Care Today. 2017-10-22. Retrieved 2020-04-30 .
  41. ^ Lloyd, J; Ruddy, R; Milnes, D (2005). "Art therapy for schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like illnesses". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD003728.pub2. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003728.pub2. PMID 16235338.
  42. ^ GM, Gajić (2013). "Group art therapy as adjunct therapy for the treatment of schizophrenic patients in day hospital". Vojnosanitetski Pregled. PubMed.gov. seventy (11): 1065–1069. doi:x.2298/vsp1311065m. PMID 24397206.
  43. ^ a b c d Pifalo, Terry (January 2007). "Jogging the Cogs: Trauma-Focused Art Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Sexually Abused Children". Art Therapy. 24 (4): 170–175. doi:10.1080/07421656.2007.10129471. ISSN 0742-1656. S2CID 42145148.
  44. ^ a b Brooke, Stephanie L. (Jan 1995). "Art therapy: An approach to working with sexual abuse survivors". The Arts in Psychotherapy. 22 (5): 447–466. doi:ten.1016/0197-4556(95)00036-4. ISSN 0197-4556.
  45. ^ Schouten, Karin Alice; de Niet, Gerrit J.; Knipscheer, Jeroen Westward.; Kleber, Rolf J.; Hutschemaekers, Giel J. M. (Apr 2015). "The Effectiveness of Art Therapy in the Treatment of Traumatized Adults: A Systematic Review on Fine art Therapy and Trauma". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. xvi (2): 220–228. doi:ten.1177/1524838014555032. ISSN 1524-8380. PMID 25403446. S2CID 19653241.
  46. ^ Writer, Mary PolsStaff (2017-eleven-19). "A young survivor finds a refuge in Maine". Press Herald . Retrieved 2020-02-01 .
  47. ^ "Pit bull attacked eight-year-old boy, now 18". chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2020-02-01 .
  48. ^ Hass-Cohen, Noah; Findlay, Joanna Clyde; Carr, Richard; Vanderlan, Jessica (2014-04-03). ""Check, Alter What You Need To Change and/or Keep What You Want": An Fine art Therapy Neurobiological-Based Trauma Protocol". Fine art Therapy. 31 (2): 69–78. doi:ten.1080/07421656.2014.903825. ISSN 0742-1656. S2CID 144163177.
  49. ^ Cole Andrea, Jenefsky Nadia, Ben-David Shelly, Munson Michelle R (2018). "Feeling Connected and Understood: The Office of Creative Arts in Engaging Young Adults in Their Mental Health Services". Social Piece of work with Groups. 41 (1–2): 6–twenty. doi:10.1080/01609513.2016.1258619. S2CID 151448815. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  50. ^ Sornborger, Jo; Fann, Alice; Serpa, J. Greg; Ventrelle, Jennifer; R D N, Chiliad. South.; Ming Foynes, Melissa; Carleton, Megan; Sherrill, Andrew Yard.; Kao, Lan Grand.; Jakubovic, Rafaella; Bui, Eric (October 2017). "Integrative Therapy Approaches for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Special Focus on Treating Veterans". Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing). 15 (4): 390–398. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20170026. ISSN 1541-4094. PMC6519541. PMID 31975869.
  51. ^ Campbell, Melissa; Decker, Kathleen P.; Kruk, Kerry; Deaver, Sarah P. (2016). "Fine art Therapy and Cerebral Processing Therapy for Gainsay-Related PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial". Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association. 33 (4): 169–177. doi:10.1080/07421656.2016.1226643. ISSN 0742-1656. PMC5764181. PMID 29332989.
  52. ^ "Fine art & Healing | PTSD". The UnLonely Project. 2015-07-02. Retrieved 2020-04-thirty .
  53. '^ Trevor J. Buser, Juleen Grand. Buser & Samuel T. Gladding (2005) Good Grief: The Part of Arts in Healing Loss and Grief' Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, i:3-4, 173-183.
  54. ^ Lock, James; Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Kara; Agras, William S.; Weinbach, Noam; Jo, Booil (January 2018). "Feasibility Study Combining Art Therapy or Cognitive Remediation Therapy with Family-based Handling for Boyish Anorexia Nervosa". European Eating Disorders Review. 26 (1): 62–68. doi:10.1002/erv.2571. ISSN 1099-0968. PMC5732028. PMID 29152825.
  55. ^ a b c d Hinz, Lisa (2006). Drawing from within: Using fine art to care for eating disorders. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN9781846425431.
  56. ^ Thompson, 50. (2001). Integration of art, motion, and exact processing with women in an eating disorders plan. In S. Riley (Ed.), Group process made visible: Group art therapy (pp.209-220). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
  57. ^ Farrell-Kirk, R (2001). "Secrets, symbols, synthesis, and condom: The role of boxes in art therapy". American Journal of Art Therapy. 39 (3): 88–92.
  58. ^ Stace, Southward (2014). "Therapeutic doll making in art psychotherapy for complex trauma". Art Therapy: Journal of the American Fine art Therapy Association. 31 (one): 12–xx. doi:10.1080/07421656.2014.873689. S2CID 71227013.
  59. ^ Chambala, A (2008). "Anxiety and art therapy: Treatment in the public center". Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association. 25 (four): 187–189. doi:10.1080/07421656.2008.10129540. S2CID 142683904.
  60. ^ Henderson, P; Rosen, D; Mascaro, Due north (2007). "Empirical study on the healing nature of mandalas". Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. one (3): 148–154. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.ane.3.148.
  61. ^ Martin, L; Oepen, N; Bauer, K; Nottensteiner, A; Mergheim, K; Gruber, H; Koch, South (2018). "Creative arts interventions for stress direction and prevention – A systematic review". Behavioral Sciences. 8 (28): 28. doi:ten.3390/bs8020028. PMC5836011. PMID 29470435.
  62. ^ Thong, Sairalyn Ansano (2007). "Redefining the Tools of Art Therapy" (PDF). Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Clan. 24 (2): 52–58. doi:x.1080/07421656.2007.10129583. S2CID 56181715.
  63. ^ Foundation for Fine art and Healing (2011). "Creative Exercises" (PDF). The Foundation of Art and healing: The Unlonely Project . Retrieved 30 Apr 2020.
  64. ^ Hass-Cohen, Noah; Carr, Richard (2008). Fine art Therapy and Clinical Neuroscience . London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 79. ISBN978-1-84310-868-9.
  65. ^ "Directory of Art Schools & Colleges – ArtSchools.com". Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2017-07-09 .
  66. ^ a b c "ACB – FCC Certification Services for Wireless Equipment". Archived from the original on 2010-06-03. Retrieved 2017-07-09 .
  67. ^ a b c d east f Machioldi, C. (1998) Understanding Children's Drawings. Guildford Publications
  68. ^ "House-Tree-Person Test | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2021-04-03 .
  69. ^ ^ Cardinal, R. (1972), Outsider Fine art, London
  70. ^ Tosatti, B. (2007) Les Fascicules de l'Art brut, un saggio sull'artista Antonio dalla Valle (Paragraphs on Outsider Art. An essay on artist Antonio dalla Valle)
  71. ^ Baumann, Daniel (2001), Fine art Brut? Outsider art? Denkfigur und Behauptung (Art Brut? Outsider Art? Meanings and Shapes of thought), Kunst-Bulletin, Geneva
  72. ^ Navratil, Leo (1996) Art Brut & Psychiatry, Raw Vision, Geneva
  73. ^ Bedoni, Giorgio; Tosatti, Bianca (2000),Arte e psichiatria. Uno sguardo sottile (Fine art and psychiatry. A thin look), Mazzotta, Milano
  74. ^ Rexer, Lyle (2005), How to Look at Outsider Fine art, New York:Abrams

[1]

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Art therapy at Wikimedia Commons
  1. ^ Wang, Qiu-Yue; Li, Dong-Mei (2016-09-01). "Advances in art therapy for patients with dementia". Chinese Nursing Research. 3 (3): 105–108. doi:10.1016/j.cnre.2016.06.011. ISSN 2095-7718.

ewingsusecum58.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_therapy